Thread: Archive News - Iraqi Dinar Think Tank - 06/05/09 - 04/09/09

Kuwaiti lawmakers urge recall of ambassador from Iraq

Kuwaiti lawmakers on Tuesday urged the government to recall the ambassador from Baghdad in protest of “attacks” by Iraqi MPs and demands to halt the payment of reparations.

“If this is how Iraqi MPs deal with their neighbor Kuwait, I think we should recall the Kuwaiti ambassador from Baghdad,” independent Islamist MP Falah al-Sawwagh told AFP.

Kuwait posted an ambassador to Baghdad last October for the first time since 1990.

The head of parliament’s foreign relations committee, MP Marzouk al-Ghanem, told reporters that the panel has decided to hold a meeting on Sunday with the foreign minister to discuss the issue.

Ghanem appealed to Kuwaiti MPs to be cautious over statements until the panel holds its meeting, to which all lawmakers are invited.

The emirate insists that if Iraq wants to exit from UN sanctions, it must fully comply with obligations like payments of war reparations, settling its debt and the demarcation of land and maritime borders.

It also wants the return of Kuwaiti property stolen during the occupation and also remains of Kuwaiti POWs believed to have been killed under Saddam.

Five percent of Iraqi oil revenues are transferred into a special UN fund for compensation. Kuwait has received about 13 billion dollars from Iraq but another 25.5 billion dollars remains unpaid.

Iraqi MPs on Monday urged a halt to reparation payments to Kuwait for Saddam Hussein’s 1990 invasion, with some wanting the emirate to compensate Iraq for its role in the US-led 2003 invasion

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Parliament decides to send a delegation to Kuwait to discuss contentious issues

President of the House of Representatives, Dr. Iyad al-Samarrai, the proximity to the formation of a parliamentary delegation to visit Kuwait and discussing the outstanding issues, while the Law Commission announced its intention to submit a report on file for the immunity of a number of deputies on Wednesday.

Headed by Dr. Iyad al-Samarrai, head of the House of Representatives yesterday, the eighth session of the meeting of the Council.

The proposed MP Alaa Saadun at the beginning of the meeting to postpone the second reading of the draft competition law and antitrust, that the observations of the project has supported the full MP Albulada it.
By another deputy, Khaled al-Asadi asked for the results reached by the commission in charge of lifting the immunity of a number of deputies, as the President of the Council to respond to Bahaa al-Araji, a member of the Committee in charge, to which the Commission had finished its work and will report to the members of the committee on Wednesday in preparation for presentation to Parliament.

For his part called on the Attorney-Izz al-Din to add the issue of compensation the State of Kuwait on the agenda and discussed the recommendation and exit on the subject was approved by the Council majority to do so.

To postpone a vote on a resolution of remittances Alkhozinip

In the paragraph on the agenda of the vote on the resolution on the issue of remittances to finance the contracts Alkhozinip electricity sector and the lack of a quorum, the number of involved members to submit comments and questions on the resolution, with varying views among supporters, rejecters, what a claim the president of the Finance Committee to submit its detailed report on the subject to remove the ambiguity of the members.

And ended the parliament on the second reading of a bill amending the law organizing the compilation of the rubble, No. 67 for the year 1986.

On the subject of Iraqi reparations to Kuwait, a large number of deputies and views focused on the need to involve the United States to drive Iraq from Section VII and the formation of a parliamentary committee to go to Kuwait to discuss the role of diplomacy and the activation of both the Iraqi and Arab and international media to pay much attention to highlight the problem and ask Government to go to the United Nations for the purpose of prosecution of Kuwait and to assist them in their role to the international coalition forces in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the convening of a conference of an international arbitration on the issue.

And improved the whole House, Tania Sadoun, Alaak Ali Talat and the government's position that the recent negative Kuwait to Iraq, and transfer the file from the Security Council to be more worthy of the bilateral relations and useful, while the deputy asked Jabir Habib would be assigned to the Foreign Relations Committee of the Council for the adoption of this file, while MP Mohamed Ahmed stressed the need to send a message on behalf of the Iraqi people in this regard.

Meanwhile, Ahmed Massoudi asked to call Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs to inquire about the validity of the promises the U.S. out of Iraq, the seventh item in the event of signing the security agreement.

Host, Foreign Minister of Iraq to discuss relations - Kuwait

In the meantime, the parliament speaker said that the importance of dialogue and political understandings between Iraq and Kuwait is the first theme to resolve all outstanding problems between the two countries.

He said, "We know the extent of the wound that he suffered by the Kuwaiti invasion of their country during the previous regime, but this can not constitute an obstacle to developing relations with the new regime in Iraq," he said, noting that "Therefore, when the Iraq extends his hand for cooperation and the relations should be normalized on the Kuwaiti side to have the same direction. "

Samarrai said at a news conference yesterday that "the historical relations between the two countries would dissolve all differences and barriers between the two countries, therefore, open dialogues and make more of an effort to restore diplomatic capable Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations back on track," pointing out that the House will host the Minister of Foreign For what the relations between the two countries and the obstacles that stand in front of the return of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations to normal.

The Chairman of the House of Representatives: "The Presidency would constitute a parliamentary delegation for the opening of dialogue with the Kuwaiti side and what is required from the Iraqi side," explaining that "most of the suffering of Iraqi suffering of Kuwait at the present time, therefore, on the Kuwaiti side to be more open to the Iraqi side of the prevail over the spirit of national self-interest to be built strong and solid relations between the two countries. "

And on the possibility of raising the objection of Kuwait to the seventh item, Samarrai said: "It is a legal Kuwait can not be hindered by the lifting of Section VII, but the opinions of its importance", calling on Iraqi diplomacy to "do more good in this regard, especially with the presence of compassion World with Iraq at this time. "

With regard to question ministers, the Samurai, "The House of Representatives are in the process of questioning all the ministers who put up their names before the House of Representatives," stressing "the necessity that the process of interrogation is not a malicious purpose by the Minister questioned the Nile", noting at the same time that "Political blocs are unable to defend if any minister had been wrong and that is unconstitutional."

Morning redisseminators out the article on the efforts of the seventh item

Article XXV of the Convention, entitled to withdraw b (measures to end the application of Chapter VII of Iraq), to "recognition of the right of the Government of Iraq that does not ask for the renewal of the mandate and the mandate granted to the multinational forces under Chapter VII, contained in UN Security Council resolution No. (1790) ( 2007), which mandate that expires on December 31 2008, in recognition of the letters to the UN Security Council, "Letter from the Prime Minister of Iraq and a letter from the Secretary of State in the United States on 7 and December 10, 2007, respectively, and are Mlhaktan resolution ( 1790), and reference to Part III of the Declaration of Principles on the relationship of friendship, cooperation and long-term signed by the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Iraq on November 26, 2007, and in recognition of the significant and positive developments in Iraq, a reminder that the situation in Iraq is fundamentally different from the situation was in existence when the UN Security Council adopted resolution No. (661) in 1990, and in particular the danger posed by the Government of Iraq to international peace and security has been removed, the two sides emphasized in this connection that with the end of business on December 31, 2008 granted the mandate and the mandate of the multinational forces under Chapter VII of nationality contained in the UN Security Council resolution No. (1790), Iraq must recover his legal and international as it was before the adoption of UN Security Council resolution (No. 661) (1990), and confirm that the United States will make its best efforts to assist Iraq to take the necessary steps to achieve this by December 31, 2008.

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MPs call for international arbitration on the disputes with Kuwait

With MPs called for the convening of a conference or meeting of an international arbitration to resolve the outstanding issues between Iraq and Kuwait, called on Minister for National Dialogue Akram al-Hakim, Kuwaiti officials to withdraw the recent memo addressed to the United Nations Contained a request not to remove Iraq from Section VII, accusing Kuwait of the confiscation of dozens of kilometers of the country.

In the meantime, the House of Representatives, Prime Minister Iyad al-Samarrai, near the formation of a parliamentary delegation to visit Kuwait and discuss contentious issues between the two sides.

This multi-Iraqi positions came in response to movements of the civilian adviser in the Amiri Diwan Mohammad Abdullah Abul-Hassan, who delivered the letters to the members of the Security Council to prevent the lifting of international sanctions on the country, who said later that "out of the seventh item sought by Iraq will not be achieved, only after the commitment to full implementation of international resolutions and the adoption of the United Nations, not Iraq and Kuwait ", as he put it.

In the parliament session yesterday, and after that he asked the Attorney-Izz al-Din to discuss the issue of compensation, the majority of the Kuwaiti parliament, a large number of parliamentarians and views focused on the need to involve the United States to drive Iraq from Section VII and activating the role of diplomacy on Iraq at the Arab and international levels, and ask the government to go to the United Nations for the purpose of prosecution of Kuwait and to assist them in their role to the international coalition forces in the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the convening of a conference of an international arbitration on the issue.

The government had urged the Kuwaiti counterpart last week, to hold dialogues to close the outstanding issues and start to build a trade and economic partnership in the interests of the two peoples.

And the whole House that the position of the Kuwaiti government last negative on Iraq, and transfer the file from the Security Council to the bilateral relations would be more effective and useful.

For his part, Chairman of the House of Representatives, Dr. Iyad al-Samarrai, the importance of dialogue and political understandings between Iraq and Kuwait, the first axis, to resolve all outstanding problems between the two countries.

He pointed out that the Samurai of the House of Representatives and Minister of Foreign Affairs will host for what the relations between the two countries and the obstacles that stand in front of the return of the Iraqi-Kuwaiti relations to nature, revealing the proximity of the formation of a parliamentary delegation to open dialogues with the Kuwaiti side and what is required from the Iraqi side.

The center of the picture, the Minister for National Dialogue Akram al-Hakim, Kuwaiti officials to settle the outstanding issues between the two countries through dialogue, asking them to withdraw the recent memo to the United Nations and contained a request not to remove Iraq from Section VII.

A Western diplomat detection of the "morning," Recently, the UN Security Council will meet in June to discuss progress in Iraq in preparation for taking the country out of Chapter VII of money after it has all the obligations imposed on it, especially those related to Kuwait.

And Hakim, in a statement received "morning," a copy of, "All the reasons given by the Kuwaiti government were not commensurate with the seriousness of the damage and the demand for Iraq, adding that some Kuwaiti officials have committed big mistakes in the past, and their lack of a repetition of such mistakes, adding that Kuwait had confiscated tens of kilometers of Iraq.

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PARLIAMENTARIANS: preparations for the questioning of Minister of Oil

Despite the lack of pursuit of the oil ministry serious about lifting the ceiling on oil production and delays in improving the sector, which led to the financial crisis affected Iraq and its impacts negatively on the general budget of the State. However, a number of lawmakers announced the completion of legal proceedings in respect of the questioning and the Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani, a result of the latter charges of mismanagement and deterioration of Iraq's oil production over the past three years. The decision of the Commission on oil and gas representative Jabir Khalifa Jabir that the legal proceedings in the House of Representatives to interrogate al-Shahristani, has been completed after the signing of about one hundred and fifteen deputies requested interrogation.

Khalifa, accused the minister of oil he called the failure to develop the oil sector in the country, the result of his experience in this area as well as the constant concern to travel outside Iraq, as he put it, describing the performance of the minister that led the country to a catastrophe, since Iraq is now obliged to borrow from the International Monetary Fund , which may tying Iraq politically and economically.

As a member of the Commission services and work in the House of Representatives Boshra Kinani was attributed to insist on the recall and Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani is the lack of implementation of the promises made at his arraignment in the past, in Parliament, an imbalance which is responsible ministry basically play.

She added that the absence of practical and scientific plans delayed Iraq's access to the production ceiling agreed by the member states of the Organization of the international oil cartel during the previous periods have not been very high investment, which reached prices, prompting the reduction of investment expenditures in the budget.
Shown that the number of members of the House of Representatives to have the evidence on the issues of administrative corruption in the Oil Ministry. Referring to the willingness of the House of Representatives put forward for discussion at the questioning of the minister.

Kinani policy and criticized the ministry for the export of oil and contracts with international companies. Pointing to the existence of a consensus to increase the effectiveness of the oversight role of Parliament and the pursuit of new legislation. It should be noted that the House of Representatives is determined to summon the ministers of oil and electricity for questioning about what the implementation of the programs. In the same context MP Ammar Tohmé retreat from some lawmakers who signed the interrogation and the federal Oil Minister Hussein al-Shahristani, the position .. Indicating that this would not affect the procedures for questioning.

He said that the taste of these MPs have been subjected to pressure by some political blocs to back down from their interrogation of al-Shahristani, the background issues of administrative corruption and its failure to increase oil production, noting that the Presidency of the Council of Representatives informed the decision of the Commission on oil and gas, Deputy Jaber Jaber, who presented background questioning them down on their position on the House interrogation of al-Shahristani.

He said that the decline of their deputies does not mean the withdrawal of the motion due to the oil minister, noting that there are approximately 117 signatures on the questioned.

He expressed surprise taste of the rhetoric of some political figures in the Iraqi parliament about the existence of a political agenda behind the interrogation of al-Shahristani, pointing out that there are many cases of administrative corruption and imbalances within the Federal Ministry of Oil.

The inability of Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani, in the development of the production of oil fields during the past years a negative impact on the lives of Iraqi citizens and caused the reduction of the state budget for the current year.

Recalled that the Chairman of the Commission on oil and gas in the Federal House of Representatives said on May 26 that 140 deputies signed a motion to question the oil minister al-Shahristani, the federal noting that the Commission is in the legal procedures for interrogation in the first half of this month, on the reasons for the decline of oil production and the inability of the ministry implementation plans. turn up the Chairman of the Integrity Committee in the Parliament this morning Sa'idi Oil Ministry responsible for the large deficit in the current year budget and the resulting severe financial crisis facing Iraq, especially in the area of strategic investment projects and the provision of employment opportunities because of what he called the failure of the ministry to increase the export of oil and extraction.

For its part, demanded MP Safia al-Suhail and Oil Minister to provide convincing answers and frank about the reasons that led to the deterioration of the production and export of Iraqi oil, said that the House will ask the Minister why he did not take advantage of Iraq in the period which witnessed the rise in oil prices, and what has been contracted to produce and export oil at higher levels .

While the MP suggested the National Dialogue Council, Muhammad Salman al-Shahristani, the fate that may be similar to the fate of the Minister of Trade, if answers were not convincing to the members of the House of Representatives, said that if the minister could not defend the performance and management of the Ministry of Valnhip will be known.

Announced that Oil Minister Hussain al-Shahristani of Iraq's oil exports rise in May last more than 1.9 million barrels per day on average.

Shahristani said on Tuesday that production reached its highest level since 2003, indicating that the improvement in oil exports did not rise to that ambition in Iraq to its needs. He pointed out that the average last year's exports amounted to about 1.85 million barrels per day. The average Iraqi oil exports last April amounted to 1,821 million barrels per day compared with 1.815 million barrels per day in March.

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Oil companies announced the names of the winners in the first round of licensing

Said Oil Ministry spokesman Assem Jihad said the ministry will announce the end of this month the names of companies that won contracts to develop oil fields and 6 gas field in the first round of licensing.

Jihad said in a statement received a copy of the Tigris Radio on Tuesday that these fields would contribute to an increase in production to add more than one million and 500 thousand barrels per day to production during the current year and a half. He added that the ministry will also companies that will win the development of 10 oil fields and gas field the end of this year to the second round of licensing, he said, adding that these fields will add to the oil output of two million barrels a day within three years.

He stressed that these quantities together and over the next five years will raise the daily production rate to between 5 and 6 million barrels per day.

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A knockout blow to Monetary Union
Is it still a monetary union if you’re the only country left? That’s what Saudi finance officials may be wondering in the wake of the Gulf’s second largest economy, the UAE, effectively pulling the plug on the single currency.

The Emirates’ decision to walk, following the decision to base the headquarters of the new central bank in Riyadh and not Abu Dhabi, leaves the monetary union dream dead. And it’s not as if we didn’t see it coming: Oman’s been out for a couple of years, and the 2010 deadline for the adoption of the single currency was absurdly optimistic.

The central bank location is also a subject of much muttering across the GCC banking community. The managing director of one major Gulf bank told me recently that he feared the huge Saudi banks would be allowed to assert undue influence on the policymakers in Riyadh — and so we would risk a situation where policy was being devised for Saudi, and then implemented across the GCC irrespective of the particular needs of individual member states.

GCC secretary general Abdul Rahman Al Attiyah said the decision had been taken as Saudi is the only Arab and Middle Eastern member in the G20. And Saudi is undoubtedly the Gulf’s economic heavyweight. But that simply means that you’re rewarding the biggest kid in the playground — not necessarily the smartest, most mature or most capable of forwarding the interests of the smaller member states.

In the other corner, you can see why the UAE might be so disappointed with the decision. It is a prizefighter in its own right, albeit in a different weight category to lumbering Saudi. It is quicker on its feet, more responsive, and has far more in common with the economies of the other GCC member states.

In the time it has taken Saudi to sell off a few billion barrels of its oil reserves, the UAE has firmly established itself as the most dynamic financial sector in the Gulf, and the region’s largest financial sector by assets. A ferociously progressive Muslim economy which has attracted the very best international firms, the Emirates has p.ioneered a development model upon which every other Gulf state is basing its own expansion.

The only surprise is that it took so long for the Gulf’s most diversified economy to pack the whole thing in. And the only question that remains is: how long will it take before others follow? They say they’re still onboard, but if the momentum has been lost, then what’s the point? It will soon get pretty cold standing in Saudi’s shadow.

http://www.arabianbusiness.com/55700...monetary-union

Take advantage of the Arab gas line fields with large reserves in Iraq

The Ministers of Petroleum and Energy in the States (the Arab natural gas pipeline) an expanded meeting in Cairo, where they studied the operational phase of the development of the term linked to the European gas network.

It should be noted that this step comes after the completion of the implementation of the four stages, which stretches from Egypt to Jordan and then to Syria and Lebanon, and the possible use of other sources of gas pipeline linking Iraq after joining the (Arabic calligraphy) in order to increase economic returns and provide new sources of gas.

Can exploit the natural gas fields with large reserves in Iraq, close to the course of the future supply of gas and run in the opposite direction for the supply of natural gas to Egypt, and exploitation, whether in local or global markets in order to export liquefied natural gas and achieve economic returns.

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Legal fight looms over Iraq's $20m m.obile fines
Iraq's Ministry of Communications may have to take the country's m.obile operators to court if it wants to extract just over US$20 million worth of fines it has imposed on the telecom companies for providing what it describes as a "bad service".

Last week government spokesman Ali Al-Dabbagh is reported to have said in a statement that the fines were the result of "the bad service provided by these companies" and that the operators "should respect the contracts and the conditions laid down by the government".

Zain was fined $18 million, while Asiacell and Korek were both fined just over $1 million each. Neither Zain or Asiacell have received official confirmation of the fines.

Asiacell's marketing manager, Mohammed Serieh has questioned the ministry's right to issue the fines.

He told CommsMEA: "As a m.obile operator the contractual relationship between us and the Iraqi government is with the regulator. The ministry of telecommunications has no power whatsoever under m.obile telecommunications.

"We'll wait until we receive official notice about the fines and then we will take it from there," he said

Both operators contend that jamming devices used by security services to prevent the detonation of roadside bombs and improvised explosive devices are to blame for outages and poor network quality.

It is the second time that the operators have been fined by the ministry for the standard of their network coverage. Earlier this year, Zain Iraq was ordered to pay $9 million, while Asiacell was hit with a $300,000 fine.

Zain Iraq CEO Ali Al Dahwi said Zain paid that sum of money in order to draw a line under the affair, and "as a gift to the Iraqi people". But he appears reluctant to part with any of Zain's money this time around.

When asked if he would pay the latest fine, he replied: "Let the law be the judge. What we are doing is going to keep and honour all of the legal rights we have in Iraq under the licence and let the law be the judge.”

Both operators have also questioned the way the fines were calculated. According to Serieh, operators were fined according to the percentage of complaints made by customers who called a free phone number.

"They took some sort of a weird formula of this," Al Dawhi said. "Basically, [this method] is not accepted in the world, it is heresay. The terms of the m.obile licence talks about engineering and scientific formula, and a drive test to be used to determine whether there is to be a penalty or not.

"There are accepted ways and norms in the world, and the Iraqi government did not use these norms. This is twice in a row,” he said.

Al Dahwi added that he has "no clue" as to how they arrived at the figure of $18 million, but he said that Zain is being singled out because it is "without any strong political power" in Iraq.

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Investors warned to stay out of Iraq
The CEO of Zain Iraq has issued a stark warning to telecom operators looking to invest in the country, comparing the actions of the country’s ministry of telecommunications to the practices of Stalinist Russia.

The comments were made as UAE incumbent Etisalat, fresh from being stripped of its licence to establish an operator in Iran after it fell out with its Iranian investment partner, is reported to be interested in bidding for a fourth m.obile licence in the country. Turkcell and US operator V.erizon are also reported to be interested the licence, which according to a report from Bloomberg, will be issued within three months.

“Unfortunately we have an Iraqi government that has is very, very strongly anti-investment,” Zain CEO Ali Al Dahwi told CommsMEA at the Arab Advisors conference in Amman, Jordan.

“Once you invest in Iraq [the ministry] starts acting in a way to teach you lessons. They are very unfriendly and they are very non-accommodating and I think they are going to continue to hurt the Iraqi citizens and the nation by their actions. These actions are unfortunate and will not lead to the bettering of the Iraqi economic status,” he said.

Iraq’s telecoms regulator, known as the CMC (Communications and Media Commission), has been without a director since April 2008, when the previous head, Dr Siyamend Othman, completed his term in office.

According to Al Dahwi and senior figures at rival operator Asiacell it has led to a chaotic situation.

“It is the government that is directing the regulator so I don’t know anymore who is the boss, or who I go to. As an investor this is the problem in Iraq. You don't know who is protecting your investment. My message to anybody who wants to come and invest in Iraq is hold on, don’t jump until somebody can get their act together,” Al Dahwi said.

And he warned that the new Iraqi telecommuncation law which is being addressed by the United Nations Development Programme in Amman in two days time will lead to the “nationalisation of telecommunications”.

“It is so confusing. There is no commission. The ministry of telecommunication handles everything, so the whole shooting match comes under their control; gateways will be under their control, international gateways will be under their control, data has to go through them, and there will be nationalisation of the internet. It’s scary stuff. It’s going back even behind Russia under Stalin.”

Last week, Iraq’s three m.obile operators were fined just over US$20 million by the ministry for providing a “bad service”, according to a government spokesman.

Zain Iraq and Asiacell both claim that jamming devices used by security services to prevent roadside bombs are responsible for network interference.

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Kuwait: We apologize for the approach Altsaidy to be charged in Iraq abuse

The Kuwaiti Foreign Undersecretary Khalid Sulaiman Al-Jarallah said that his country "regrets" approach Altsaidy on charges of abuse in Iraq.

The Kuwaiti News Agency on Tuesday, the Al-Jarallah as saying that "Kuwait and regrets approach Altsaidy surprised some of the media and the indictment of the State of Kuwait in the abuse of Iraq, while Kuwait has made considerable efforts at all levels to support Iraq, and his return to the international community."

Kuwait had refused to file a formal closure of the compensation paid by Iraq by 5% of its oil revenues, and has also refused to transfer the rest of the files provided for in the resolutions of the UN Security Council to open bilateral relations after Iraq submitted a formal request to the Security Council in this regard in order to be able to go out Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations.

Al-Jarallah said that "Kuwait believes that the natural area to address any matters that arise between the two countries is the diplomatic channels and distinguished brotherly relations between the two countries," adding, "We trust the wisdom of the leaders of the two countries in addressing these issues without the need to escalate from both sides."

He continued by saying that "Kuwait appreciates and understands the request of brothers in Iraq out of Chapter VII in order to return Iraq to the international community which has worked and will work for Kuwait but there are benefits related to international relations, Kuwait and the Kuwait-Iraq look to be resolved through meetings and fraternal bilateral relations between the two distinct Under the auspices of the United Nations. "

The American ambassador in Baghdad, Christopher Hill said earlier Tuesday that his country was seeking to rid Iraq of the money item VII of the Charter of the United Nations and the relations between Iraq and Kuwait in all areas, through the organization of nations.

Reference is made to the Chancellor of the Kuwaiti Amiri Diwan Mohammad Abdullah Abul-Hassan, who moves in and out to the members of the Security Council to prevent the lifting of international sanctions on the country, said last week that "out of the seventh item sought by Iraq will not be achieved only after the commitment to full implementation of the decisions and the adoption of the International Organization of the United Nations, not Iraq and Kuwait, as he put it.

And the imposition of Section VII of the Charter of the United Nations on Iraq after its entry into Kuwait in 1990, this item allows the use of force against him as a threat to international security, as well as the freezing of substantial amounts of its assets in international banks to pay compensation to Kuwaiti victims.

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